subject AC Power Plugs and Sockets: British and Related Types

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Biological effects have been established for acute high level exposure to magnetic fields above 100 μT (1 G) (1,000 mG). No adverse health effects have been substantiated for people not living close to power lines. Tesla also invented the electric generator, the electric motor, fluorescent lighting, alternating current (AC) and devised the technologies that generate and deliver our electrical power for our homes, schools and factories. 1999. BS 546 is also the precursor of current Indian and South African plug standards. The plug and socket replaced the BS 546 plug and socket, which are still found in old installations or in special applications. The insulation and clearances may still be designed for 25 kV AC only. Communications cables are insulated; however they may be enclosed in metal shields. They also require that all mains appliances for domestic use in the UK be supplied with approved BS 1363 plugs, but there is an exception for plugs fitted to shavers and toothbrushes which are normally a UK shaver plug (BS 4573) but may also be a Europlug (BS EN 50075). The regulations also contain a provision for the approval of non-BS 1363 conforming plugs when "the plugs are constructed using an alternative method of construction which provides an equivalent level of safety in respect of any risk of death or personal injury to plugs which conform to BS 1363 and is such that plugs of that type may reasonably be expected to be safe in use".


A plug is defined in IEC 60050 as an "accessory having pins designed to engage with the contacts of a socket-outlet, also incorporating means for the electrical connection and mechanical retention of flexible cables or cords". NOTE: despite having a reference beginning 'PAS', PAS 003 was not a Publicly Available Specification but a BSI Product Approval Specification. September 1995: BS 1363-2:1995 "13 A plugs socket-outlets adaptors and connection units - Part 2: Specification for 13 A switched and unswitched socket-outlets" published. BS 1363, 13 A plugs socket-outlets adaptors and connection units is a British Standard which specifies the most common type of single-phase AC power plugs and sockets that are used in the United Kingdom. Historically, two-pin sockets without earth were used in Britain, but their use is now restricted to sockets specifically designated for shavers and toothbrushes. Plugs and sockets for electrical appliances not hardwired to mains electricity originated in the United Kingdom in the 1870s and were initially two-pin designs. Earthed sockets are designed to be incompatible with two-pin plugs.


In this article, the term 'plug' is used in the sense defined by IEC 60050. Sockets are designed to prevent exposure of bare energised contacts. The Earth's natural geomagnetic field strength varies over the surface of the planet between 0.035 mT and 0.07 mT (35 μT - 70 μT or 350 mG - 700 mG) while the international standard for continuous exposure is set at 40 mT (400,000 mG or 400 G) for the general public. Common uses include filtered supplies for computer equipment and cleaners' supplies in public buildings and areas (to prevent visitors plugging in unauthorised equipment). Single-wire earth return (SWER) or single-wire ground return is a single-wire transmission line for supplying single-phase electrical power to remote areas at low cost. 1949: In January, the number of TV stations had grown to 98 in 58 market areas. However, it was also used on a number of main line railway systems, and still is in some parts of continental Europe, for example. BS 546 plugs and sockets are still permitted in the UK, provided the socket has shutters. BS 1363 plugs have been designated as Type G in the IEC 60083 plugs and sockets standard. 1957: Complementary standard published, BS 2814:1957 "Two-pole and earthing-pin flush-mounted 13-Amp switch socket-outlets for A.C. circuits up to 250 Volts".


A plug therefore does not contain components which modify the electrical output from the electrical input (except where a switch or fuse is provided as a means of disconnecting the output from input). More twists means better quality. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. They are rarely used any more as the Monocable and Tricable Detachable Gondolas have largely made them obsolete. I have several versions of this, including a ten line unit, and a more recent ten line unit in a plastic case. It doesn’t really matter whether you have AC or DC motors, nowadays either can work with an AC or DC supply. If the length of the wire is small, a few hundred meters to several kilometers, speeds of several megabits per second can be achieved without unacceptable error rate. However, she warns: 'Insurers are not usually quick to accept responsibility if they think they can avoid it. These are termed neutral, line and earth. This standard superseded BS 1363:1967. Changes include the introduction of sleeved pins on Line and Neutral, metric dimensions replacing inches, specifications added for non-rewirable plugs and portable socket-outlets.



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